Introduction
Purpose, scope, and how to read this
Why This Exists
In December 2024 the City of Lavon approved zoning for 79.3 acres in the Elevon development, off FM 2755. That zoning lists the kinds of business allowed to be built there: 43 on one parcel, 53 on the other.
One of them is a data center, and it has drawn the most public attention. It is also one entry on a list of forty-three, several of which carry substantial impacts of their own. This report measures all of them the same way, so they can be compared rather than assumed.
The City's Position, in Full
How to Read This
To compare a warehouse against a hospital against a data center, you need to measure them all the same way. These are the eight yardsticks used throughout.
| Yardstick | What it means | Why people care |
|---|---|---|
| Traffic | Trips in and out per day | The thing a neighbor sees first |
| Trucks | How many of those trips are heavy trucks | Trucks are loud, damage pavement, and change how a road feels |
| Noise | Sound level at the property line, in dBA, and whether it ever stops | The most common complaint at every kind of facility |
| Water | Gallons per day, and where the wastewater goes | Lavon sits beside the reservoir that supplies the region |
| Electricity | Power demand, and who pays for the wires | Large users can shift costs onto everyone's bill |
| Jobs | Permanent positions, not construction, and pay | Construction jobs leave. Permanent ones stay |
| Tax value | Taxable value per acre, and who collects it | The main thing a city gets from any development |
| Home values | What the studies found near each kind of use, by distance | For most households, the house is the savings account. Covered in its own section because the answer depends on distance |
Most figures are given per acre. A business creating 500 jobs sounds better than one creating 50 until you learn the first needs 200 acres and the second needs four.
Terms Used Throughout
- Abatement (tax abatement)
- A deal that forgives part of a property's tax bill for up to ten years under Chapter 312 of the Tax Code, in exchange for building something. School districts cannot grant one; cities and counties can.
- Agricultural valuation
- A property-tax break for land in farm or ranch use. The land is taxed on what it earns as farmland, not what it would sell for. Converting it triggers a rollback tax covering the previous three years.
- Business personal property
- Equipment, machinery and inventory inside a building, as opposed to the building and land. Texas taxes it like real estate, which is why a data center's servers matter so much on the tax roll.
- By right
- A use the zoning already allows. If the plans meet the rules, the City issues permits. No public hearing and no council vote.
- Chapter 380 agreement
- A contract under Texas Local Government Code Chapter 380 in which a city gives money, tax rebates or services to a business to encourage development. Unlike an abatement, it has no ten-year limit.
- Clawback
- A clause that lets a city take back an incentive if the company does not deliver what it promised. State law requires one for failing to build; a jobs clawback, for failing to create the promised jobs, is optional and often left out.
- Closed-loop cooling
- Cooling that recirculates the same water in a sealed system, using almost none once filled. Evaporative cooling, the alternative, boils water away and can use millions of gallons a day.
- Conditional use
- A use needing a separate permit on top of the zoning, with a hearing at Planning and Zoning and another at City Council. Marked in this report as hearing required.
- dBA
- Loudness as a person hears it. Every 10 dBA roughly doubles perceived loudness. A refrigerator is about 40; conversation about 60.
- ERCOT
- The Electric Reliability Council of Texas, which runs the power grid for most of the state and decides how big new users connect to it.
- Extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ)
- The unincorporated land just outside a city's limits where the city has some say over plats but no zoning. These 79 acres are inside the city limits, not the ETJ.
- Freeport exemption
- A property-tax exemption for goods that pass through Texas within 175 days. It matters to a warehouse and does nothing for a data center.
- General fund
- The City's main operating account: police, fire, streets, staff. Not every tax dollar the City collects ends up there.
- Home rule city
- A city whose voters adopted a charter. It may do anything state law does not forbid. Lavon became one in November 2022.
- Hyperscale data center
- A very large facility housing computing equipment for a single major operator. The ordinance defines it and expressly excludes cryptocurrency mining.
- Large load
- A single electricity customer big enough, usually 75 megawatts or more, to need its own review before it can connect to the grid.
- Low-frequency noise
- Sound below about 100 hertz: the hum of fans and transformers. Walls and distance stop it far less well than ordinary noise, and a standard dBA reading can miss it.
- Moratorium
- A temporary pause on approving a kind of development while a city writes new rules. Texas caps it at 180 days and requires written findings.
- Municipal Development District (MDD)
- A half-cent sales-tax district a city can create in its extraterritorial jurisdiction, with voter approval, to fund projects there.
- Municipal Utility District (MUD)
- A special district that issues bonds to build water, sewer and drainage for a new neighborhood and levies its own property tax to repay them.
- Planned Development
- Custom zoning written for one specific property, replacing the city's standard districts.
- Public Improvement District (PID)
- A district that adds an assessment to property bills to repay roads, parks or utilities built for a development.
- PUE
- Power usage effectiveness. Total electricity into a data center divided by the electricity the computers use. A PUE of 2.0 means half the power goes to cooling and losses; 1.2 means a sixth does.
- Qualifying data center
- A data center certified by the state for a sales-tax exemption on its equipment and electricity. The standard tier exempts only the state's share; the large-project tier exempts the local share too.
- Recapture
- The school-finance rule under which a property-rich district sends part of its tax collections back to the state. Community ISD is not a recapture district today but is close to the line.
- Setback
- The minimum distance a building or piece of equipment must sit from a property line.
- Site plan
- The detailed drawing of what will be built where on a lot. Filing one is the step that starts the clock on vested rights.
- Tax levy
- The total amount of property tax a taxing unit bills in a year: the tax rate multiplied by everything taxable inside its boundaries.
- Tax rate
- Dollars of tax per $100 of taxable value. Lavon's is $0.42; all four local units together charge about $1.86.
- Taxable value
- What a property is taxed on after exemptions. It can be far below market value: this land is worth about $2 million and is taxed on $14,120.
- Tier 4 Final
- The cleanest current federal emission standard for diesel engines such as backup generators. The law requires only Tier 2 for standby engines of this size.
- TIRZ
- Tax Increment Reinvestment Zone. An area where part of the growth in property tax is set aside to repay development costs rather than going to general services.
- Use tax
- Sales tax charged on goods bought elsewhere and brought into the city, such as equipment delivered to a building site.
- Vested rights
- Texas law freezing certain development rules once an application is filed, so they cannot change mid-project. Noise, lighting and construction hours are not on the frozen list.
The Site, and How It Got Here
What is allowed, what is not, and who decided
Site Data
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Location | South and east of FM 2755, Elevon development, City of Lavon, Collin County |
| Total area | 79.312 acres |
| Designation | Land Use Parcels 8 and 9, Elevon Planned Development |
| Governing ordinance | Ord. No. 2024-12-01, adopted December 3, 2024 |
| Underlying standards | Business Park District (B); Parcel 8 may also use Retail District (R) |
| Permitted uses | 43 on Parcel 9 (31 by right, 12 conditional); 53 on Parcel 8 |
| Maximum height | 45 ft general · 65 ft hotel · 85 ft data center |
| Maximum lot coverage | 75 percent |
| Minimum setbacks | 25 ft; 100 ft for a data center |
| Landscape buffer | 15 ft along FM 2755 and McClendon Road |
| Maximum building size | 30,000 sq ft on Parcel 8, except that the limit does not apply to a data center |
| Standards freeze | Business Park standards on Parcel 9 fixed for 9 years from October 2022, to approximately October 2031; Parcel 8 carries a parallel 9-year clause covering Business Park or Retail standards |
| Nearest homes | Ten houses on Sunset Drive and FM 2755 share the boundary; nearest Elevon homes about 560 ft |
| Applications on file | None, as of August 2026 |
Uses Permitted
The permitted-use list is a wall of zoning language, so here it is as buildings instead. Pick a category to see the entries it covers, what the structure physically looks like, and real examples measured off Collin County appraisal records.
Data Center
every one by rightWhat you would see from the road
One or more windowless halls, each typically 200,000 to 500,000 square feet, up to 85 feet tall under this zoning. Around them sit fenced equipment yards holding a substation, transformers, banks of diesel generators and long rows of cooling units. Site coverage is low: a quarter to a third of the land is building, and the rest is equipment yard, detention pond and setback.
The equipment yards are the part people underestimate. They are where the noise and the generator exhaust come from, and this zoning sets them back 100 feet. Mesquite requires 500.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Data Center
Built examples nearby
- Google, Midlothianfirst building 282,000 sq ft on a 375-acre campus
- CoreWeave, Plano23.8 acres, with $390M of equipment inside a $94M building
- Aligned, Plano19.0 acres, leased to 17 separate tenants
Warehouse / Distribution
1 of 4 need a hearingWhat you would see from the road
A single rectangular box, 30 to 40 feet tall, with dock doors down one or both long sides and a paved trailer court often deeper than the building itself. Roughly a third of the site is roof; most of the rest is truck pavement.
The trailer court, not the building, is what a neighbor notices: reversing alarms, refrigeration units and air brakes, at whatever hour the freight moves.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Warehousing and Distribution Facilities hearing required
- Packing of Parts and Materials Previously Manufactured
- Parts Assembly, Materials Sorting Previously Manufactured
- Wholesale Enterprises without Materials Storage and Distribution
Built examples nearby
- AT HOME, Plano584,443 sq ft on 31.0 acres
- STIHL, McKinney191,020 sq ft on 10.0 acres
Light Manufacturing
every one by rightWhat you would see from the road
A tilt-wall or metal building 25 to 40 feet tall, with a smaller dock area than a warehouse and considerably more parking, because far more people work inside. Usually a glazed office frontage facing the road.
Every manufacturing entry in this ordinance carries the same footnote: conducted entirely within the interior of a building. That one line rules out outdoor processing and open materials yards.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Light Manufacturing Clean
- Manufacturing - Appliance, Instrument, Controller
- Manufacturing - Device, Parts, Vehicles
Built examples nearby
- Traxxas, McKinney239,000 sq ft on 12.2 acres
- Simpson Strong-Tie, McKinney419,205 sq ft on 26.5 acres
- Sanden International, Wylie408,994 sq ft on 24.9 acres
Machining & Welding
all 2 need a hearingWhat you would see from the road
Smaller buildings than the rest of the industrial list, typically on one to seven acres, with roll-up doors, dust collection and extraction stacks on the roof, and a fenced material yard alongside.
Both entries in this family are conditional, so each needs a hearing at Planning and Zoning and another at City Council, two public meetings a data center does not need.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Manufacturing - Die, Tooling, Equipment, Machinery hearing required
- Materials Bending, Cutting, Machining, Molding, Welding hearing required
Built examples nearby
- Vector Systems, McKinney36,000 sq ft on 2.7 acres
Truck & Contractor Yard
2 of 3 need a hearingWhat you would see from the road
Mostly pavement. A small office and shop building, often under 10,000 square feet, on a large fenced lot of parked trucks, trailers and equipment. Measured across Collin County examples, this use averages about 689 square feet of building per acre.
It is the lightest taxable use on the whole list and the most exposed one acoustically, because almost everything happens outdoors and much of it happens early.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Truck Repairs and Service hearing required
- Auto, Tool or Equipment Rental hearing required
- Trade Contractor Office and Dispatch
Built examples nearby
- Lattimore Materials, McKinney7,424 sq ft on 10.8 acres
- QuikTrip yard, McKinney6,654 sq ft on 8.9 acres
Industrial Laundry
all 1 need a hearingWhat you would see from the road
A processing plant with boilers and a stack, bays for route delivery trucks, and long operating hours. Washers, dryers and steam plant all indoors.
No facility of this kind exists anywhere in Collin County, so there is no local comparable to appraise against. The water figures in this report are drawn from EPA industry data instead.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Commercial Cleaning or Laundry Plant hearing required
Flammable Liquids
all 1 need a hearingWhat you would see from the road
Not the outdoor tank farm people picture. The zoning requires it indoors, which means a fire-rated warehouse with spill containment, dedicated ventilation, suppression systems and separation distances.
This is arguably the heaviest use the ordinance permits, and it is conditional. It is also the one nobody has raised at a public meeting.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Storage of Flammable Liquids and Materials hearing required
Hospital & Medical
1 of 4 need a hearingWhat you would see from the road
Multi-storey, up to the 45-foot general height limit, with large surface parking or a garage, an ambulance canopy, a rooftop mechanical deck and standby generators. Runs around the clock.
Whether it pays property tax depends entirely on its ownership, not its appearance. A non-profit hospital is exempt; a for-profit one pays in full. The buildings look identical.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Hospital
- Medical Office
- Medical or Scientific Laboratory hearing required
- Animal-related Medical, Grooming or Boarding
Built examples nearby
- Baylor Scott & White, McKinney469,170 sq ft on 56.8 acres, pays $0
- Medical City Plano773,042 sq ft on 24.4 acres, pays on $150M
- Children's Medical, Plano779,630 sq ft on 56.0 acres, pays $0
Offices & Information
every one by rightWhat you would see from the road
One to three storeys, glazed, with surface parking and rooftop air conditioning. The most conventional-looking thing on the entire list, and the quietest neighbor available.
Eight of the forty-three permitted uses fall here, all by right. The difficulty is not permission but demand: suburban office has not recovered since 2020, which is why very little of it is being built anywhere.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Business Service and Sales
- Insurance
- Information Data Processing
- Information Distribution, Publication, Production
- Information Telecommunication, Sellers
- Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services
- Professional Service and Sales
- Technical Service and Sales
Built examples nearby
- Globe Life, McKinney300,789 sq ft on 43.3 acres
- Toyota North America, Plano1,622,342 sq ft on 48.6 acres
Retail & Restaurants
4 of 11 need a hearingWhat you would see from the road
Small pad buildings of 5,000 to 15,000 square feet set near the road, with parking in front and drive-through lanes wrapping the side. Measured Collin County retail runs about 8,941 square feet of building per acre.
This is the busiest use on the list by a wide margin, and the one people most often ask for instead of industry. The obstacle is not zoning; Lavon already carries more commercial land than its population supports.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Retail Sales
- Restaurant
- Personal Services
- Pharmacy
- Studios: Photo, Music, Art, Health, Etc.
- Alcohol: mixed beverage sales (on-premises consumption)
- Alcohol: wine and malt beverage sales (on-premises consumption)
- Alcohol: mixed beverage package store (on- and/or off-premises consumption) hearing required
- Alcohol: wine and malt beverage package store (on- and/or off-premises consumption) hearing required
- Alcohol: manufacturing and distribution (on- and/or off-premises consumption) hearing required
- Alcohol: brewpub (on- and/or off-premises consumption) hearing required
Built examples nearby
- Braum's, Princeton6,171 sq ft on 1.3 acres
- Walmart Supercenter, Princeton189,543 sq ft on 19.3 acres
- Preston Park Village, Plano245,542 sq ft on 26.3 acres
Civic & Open Space
every one by rightWhat you would see from the road
Anything from a mown field with a trail to a fire station, a library or a municipal yard. Five of the forty-three permitted uses fall here, all by right.
Every one of them is exempt from property tax, permanently. Collin County's exempt category covers 87,929 acres at $27.4 billion of market value and $0 of taxable value. That is not a criticism; it is just the trade.
What the ordinance actually permits
- Federal, State or City Owned or Controlled Facilities
- Municipal Uses
- Open Space
- Public Parks and Playgrounds
- Public Recreational Facilities
Uses Not Permitted
How a Use Gets Approved
Two routes exist, and the difference matters more than the list itself. A by right use needs only that the plans meet the rules; the City checks them and issues permits. A conditional use needs a separate permit on top of the zoning, which requires a hearing at Planning and Zoning and another at City Council.
How It Got Here
- Aug 2024The City amends its thoroughfare plan to remove a planned road through the Business Park. The written reason: it “is being developed as a Data Center.”
- Dec 3, 2024City Council unanimously adopts Ordinance 2024-12-01, defining “data center” as a permitted use on Parcels 8 and 9. Twenty-five neighbor notices mailed; none returned.
- Jun 25, 2026The City publishes its data center statement: no applications, no projects in the works, best practices under study.
- Jul 22, 2026A public information session on data center development is cancelled at the developer's request, announced the day before. Developer representatives hold drop-in hours at City Hall from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. instead. As of late August it has not been rescheduled.
- Aug 6, 2026Council votes unanimously to begin the moratorium process. Staff memo: nothing filed, no incentives requested, offered or granted.
- Aug 13, 2026The City publishes its notice of public hearing in The Wylie News, setting a first hearing for September 15 and a second for October 20, both at 6:30 p.m., and describing a moratorium on data centers. Confirmed by the publisher's sworn affidavit.
- Sep 15 · Oct 20 · Nov 17, 2026Noticed moratorium hearings, findings, first and second readings. Needs a three-quarters vote.
- Nov 3, 2026Election on a Municipal Development District in the City's ETJ. Does not include these parcels.
The zoning that allows a data center here was not an accident of an old ordinance. It was a specific amendment, Ordinance No. 2024-12-01, requested by a specific applicant, Lovett Industrial, and approved at a specific meeting, the regular City Council meeting of December 3, 2024. The record is public and worth knowing in detail, because most of the disagreement about it turns on facts that are not actually in dispute.
What a Data Center Is in 2026
How the technology changed, and what it did not fix
Much of the public argument about data centers is being conducted with facts from 2010. That is worth correcting in both directions, because the picture is genuinely better than the reputation in some places and genuinely worse in others, and the places where it got worse are recent enough that most coverage has not caught up.
Eighty Years, Four Orders of Magnitude
How much power one site draws, from the first computer room to the campuses being announced now. Bars are to scale; the first one is too small to see.
- 1946ENIAC, PhiladelphiaThe first general-purpose electronic computer filled a 1,800 square foot room, weighed 30 tons and drew about 150 kilowatts. It was a data center with one computer in it.
- 2006Google, The Dalles, OregonThe first purpose-built hyperscale site: a company designing the whole building around its own computers, beside a river and a hydro dam, at a scale measured in tens of megawatts.
- 2011Meta, Prineville, OregonMeta published its building designs as the Open Compute Project. Outside air did most of the cooling; a PUE near 1.1 was reported where 2.0 had been normal five years earlier.
- 2019Google, Midlothian, TexasThe nearest hyperscale campus to Lavon, on about 375 acres: on the order of 50 to 100 megawatts, estimated from its published water use, with roughly 100 employees.
- 2025Abilene, TexasThe Lancium campus grew into a 1.2 gigawatt AI site, the largest single build in the country at the time; its equipment is 82 percent of its taxable value.
- 2026+Announced campusesTwo-gigawatt and larger campuses are now being announced. The 100 to 500 megawatts this report assumes for a full build-out of the Lavon site would be a fraction of one.
What Actually Got Better
The industry measures its own efficiency with a ratio called PUE: total power going into the building, divided by the power that reaches the computers. A PUE of 2.0 means half the electricity is spent on cooling and losses. A PUE of 1.2 means only a sixth is.
| Year | Typical PUE | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2.5 | Three fifths of the power never reached a computer |
| 2011 | 1.98 | Hot and cold aisles separated; free cooling arrives |
| 2014 | 1.65 | Steady gains from warmer rooms and variable-speed fans |
| 2020 to 2023 | 1.55 to 1.59 | The improvement stalls |
| 2028 projected | 1.15 to 1.35 | If the newest designs deliver |
That is a real achievement, and the reason is not exotic. Operators stopped chilling whole rooms and started separating hot air from cold; they let the buildings run warmer, which lets outside air do the work for much of the year; and they replaced fixed-speed fans with variable ones. A fan at half speed moves half the air on about an eighth of the power, because fan power rises with the cube of speed. That single relationship is most of the story.
The Part That Reversed
For twenty years the engineering standards body for this industry, ASHRAE, kept widening the temperature range equipment was allowed to run in. Warmer allowed temperatures mean more hours per year when outside air alone will do, which means less mechanical cooling and less water. Its 2015 guidance recommends 64 to 81 °F, with one equipment class rated as high as 113 °F.
Then the chips got denser, and the direction of travel changed.
The same reversal shows up in a smaller place. Server cooling fans once consumed about 20 percent of a server's power; variable-speed control pushed that below 2 percent. ASHRAE now reports fan power “on the rise again, exponentially,” with 10 to 20 percent not uncommon in dense servers.
Why the Density Changed Everything
A rack is a cabinet of computers. In a 2020 industry survey the average rack drew 8.4 kilowatts, and 71 percent of them were under 10. Air cooling was generally considered to run out somewhere around 20 to 30 kilowatts, stretched to 40 or 50 in the best cases.
Local Impacts
What a neighbor would actually notice
This section works through what a person living nearby would actually experience, roughly in the order they would notice it. Every use is measured the same way.
Everything on One Page
How much of each thing the main uses would bring to 79 acres. More is not automatically worse; which columns matter is your call. Every square has a note behind it, and the ones marked outlier sit far outside the rest of their column. Those are usually the ones worth reading.
| Traffic | Trucks | Noise | Water | Electricity | Jobs | Tax value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data center | |||||||
| Warehouse / distribution | |||||||
| Fulfillment center | |||||||
| Manufacturing | |||||||
| Machining & welding | |||||||
| Truck & contractor yard | |||||||
| Industrial laundry | |||||||
| Hospital & medical | |||||||
| Retail & restaurants | |||||||
| Offices | |||||||
| Civic & open space |
Traffic
Where these numbers come from
From the Institute of Transportation Engineers' published rates. The uses people ask for instead of industry -- shops and restaurants -- are the busiest things on this entire list. A drive-through restaurant generates roughly 600 times the traffic per acre of a public park, and over 100 times a data center.
How this was measured. Data center figures assume a single modern campus occupying all 79.312 acres at 100 to 500 MW of computing load, with buildings covering about a quarter to a third of the site -- the rest is substation, generator and cooling yards, detention and setbacks. Power draw is set by the equipment installed inside, not by the acreage, which is the one figure a site plan alone cannot tell you. For local scale: Google's operating Midlothian campus is on the order of 50 to 100 MW, estimated from its published water use.
Fast food with drive-through. at 4,675 to 5,844 trips per acre it is not merely the highest here, it is roughly six thousand times a public park and over a hundred times a data center. Averaging it in with the other retail hides the single busiest thing that could be built on this land.
The surprise is not where the data center sits. It is where the shops sit. The uses people most often ask for instead of industry are the busiest things on the entire list. A drive-through restaurant generates roughly 600 times the traffic per acre of a public park, and more than 100 times a data center.
Noise
So the argument that a data center would be deafening is not supported. The argument that being legally compliant is not the same as being pleasant to live beside is supported, by the industry's own measurements. A chiller farm in the United Kingdom was measured at 48.5 dBA at the homes complaining about it, comfortably inside a 55 dBA limit, and still drew a formal noise abatement notice.
The Hum, and Whether It Comes up Through the Ground
This is the concern raised most often, and it deserves a straight answer, because two different things get folded into one worry. One is vibration travelling through the soil and into a house's structure. The other is low-frequency sound travelling through the air and passing through the walls. They are not the same mechanism, and the evidence points different ways on each.
What Actually Helps, and What Only Looks Like It Helps
This matters because the remedies usually offered in a public meeting are the ones that work least well against exactly this kind of sound. The table compares six of them.
| Measure | What it delivers | Against low-frequency hum |
|---|---|---|
| A screen wall at the property line | Up to about 20 dBA in ideal conditions, and highway engineers rate 20 dBA “nearly impossible” | Nothing, if the plant is on the roof. With equipment at 60 ft and a home 300 ft away, the sight line passes about 51 ft up. A 20 ft or even 40 ft wall casts no acoustic shadow at all. |
| Trees and landscaping | Under 1 dBA for ordinary planting. A 50-foot shrub belt gives about 4.7 dBA, and most of that is the soft ground underneath rather than the plants | Negligible. Landscaping is screening, not acoustics. |
| More distance | Moving from 300 ft to 500 ft buys about 4.4 dB, less than the 5 dB a person reliably notices | Helps, but slowly. A full 10 dB needs roughly three times the distance. |
| Quieter equipment, same cooling capacity | About 10 dBA, from choosing a different unit rated for the identical load | 5 to 16 dB lower in the low bands. The most effective single measure available. |
| Running the fans slower at night | 5 to 10 dBA at around 80 percent capacity | About 6 dB at 63 Hz. Costs nothing to write into a permit. |
| Screening at the equipment itself | Real, but it has to be on the roof beside the machine, not at the fence; projects that do this specify 18 to 20 ft rooftop screens | Modest. One documented case got 9 dB at 63 Hz against 18 dB at 1 kHz. |
One more piece of honesty, from the acoustician who wrote a county's noise limits: a numeric limit is set at the edge of what is compatible with residential living, so “compliance does not equate to silence, nor will it necessarily eliminate annoyance or complaints.” A number in the ordinance is far better than no number. It is not the same as quiet.
Water
Where these numbers come from
Google's own published figures for 2023. The two green sites are air-cooled; Google's footnote reads 'Air-cooled facility; no water used for cooling.' Midlothian, in orange, is the closest comparable to Lavon -- a real hyperscale campus in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. Note that these sites also differ in size, so the spread is not cooling design alone. The size-independent version of the same point is the share consumed: about 10 percent at an air-cooled site against 79 to 83 percent at an evaporative one.
Council Bluffs, Iowa. 2.7 million gallons a day is roughly a hundred thousand times the same company's Montreal site in the same year. Both ends of this chart are outliers, and that is the finding: there is no typical figure to quote, only a design choice that has not been made yet.
Twenty-seven gallons a day in Montreal. Two point seven million a day in Iowa. Same company, same year, same standards. The difference is whether the building is cooled by evaporating water or by air and sealed loops.
Where these numbers come from
Withdrawal is what a business takes from the system. Consumption is what evaporates and never comes back. A laundry returns about 90 percent to the sewer; a data center using evaporative cooling boils roughly 83 percent of its water into the air. The evaporative figures are Google's own audited numbers for its Midlothian, Texas campus in 2023.
How the consumption figures were arrived at, since they vary in confidence. LAUNDRY: EPA's Industrial Laundries technical document reports about 10 percent evaporative loss -- but that is a 1994 survey in which fewer than 15 percent of plants actually measured their discharge. DATA CENTER, CLOSED-LOOP: Google publishes audited withdrawal, discharge and consumption for eight air-cooled sites; they consume 10.4 percent of what they withdraw. HOSPITAL: an engineering estimate at about 30 percent, not a published figure -- cooling towers and irrigation are consumptive and the rest returns to the sewer. No hospital anywhere publishes both withdrawal and discharge. KENNEL: negligible, under 400 gallons a day, since a kennel has no cooling tower and no meaningful irrigation.
Where these numbers come from
Regional supply is not the same as local plumbing. The district having water to sell says nothing about whether the pipes serving this corner of town can deliver it. That is a Bear Creek Special Utility District question, and it is a fair one to ask.
Electricity
Where these numbers come from
Warehouse and cold storage figures come from federal building energy survey data. The data center range is illustrative of a modern campus, because its power draw is set by how much computing equipment goes inside, not by the size of the land. This is the one impact where nothing else on the list is close.
How this was measured. Data center figures assume a single modern campus occupying all 79.312 acres at 100 to 500 MW of computing load, with buildings covering about a quarter to a third of the site -- the rest is substation, generator and cooling yards, detention and setbacks. Power draw is set by the equipment installed inside, not by the acreage, which is the one figure a site plan alone cannot tell you. For local scale: Google's operating Midlothian campus is on the order of 50 to 100 MW, estimated from its published water use.
Data center. at 100 to 500 MW this is not a tall bar on the same chart, it is a different chart. The next heaviest use draws 5.84 MW and the typical one under 1 MW, which is why every other bar is a sliver. Any average that includes this row is meaningless.
A big-box distribution center on all 79 acres would draw roughly one megawatt. A hyperscale data center is measured in hundreds. That is not a bigger version of the same thing.
What Lands on Everyone Else's Bill
Big new users do not pay for the wires alone. Under the rules in force today, the cost of transmission lines in Texas is spread across every customer on the grid, and the state's own five-year audit found that homes and small businesses paid 46.9 percent of $16.33 billion in wholesale transmission charges while accounting for 37.6 percent of peak demand. In plain terms: when a very large user connects, part of the cost of serving it shows up on ordinary bills. Those rules are being rewritten now, with a decision due by December 31, 2026, and a 2025 state law gives the grid operator new authority over how large loads connect. What a data center here would mean for a Lavon electric bill is genuinely undecided, and it is decided in Austin.
Air Quality
Backup generators are the single most common source of complaints about air quality near these facilities. The technology has improved enormously, and the law does not require the improved version.
On how often they run, one comparison is worth making because it defuses a common worry. Federal rules cap emergency engines at 100 hours a year of testing and maintenance, and the same cap governs the backup generators at a hospital. The honest difference between a data center and a hospital is not how often the engines are tested. It is how many of them there are.
Also true, and applying to every use on this list: Collin County is already in the Dallas-Fort Worth ozone nonattainment area, industrial development runs about 72 percent hard surface on heavy clay soils, and a loaded tractor-trailer does roughly a thousand times the pavement damage of a van.
Fire and Safety
Lavon Fire Department operates from one station, staffed by full-time and part-time firefighters, typically six on duty per shift. It recently acquired a tender carrying 3,000 gallons through a matching grant, for work in areas where hydrants or municipal water are limited or absent.
Jobs
Where these numbers come from
Two uses that zoning treats identically -- a plain warehouse and a sorting fulfillment center -- differ by sixteen times on jobs. Nothing in the zoning decides which one shows up. The data center range comes from real disclosed figures: about 50 permanent jobs at Google Midlothian, about 100 at Meta in Temple.
How this was measured. Data center figures assume a single modern campus occupying all 79.312 acres at 100 to 500 MW of computing load, with buildings covering about a quarter to a third of the site -- the rest is substation, generator and cooling yards, detention and setbacks. Power draw is set by the equipment installed inside, not by the acreage, which is the one figure a site plan alone cannot tell you. For local scale: Google's operating Midlothian campus is on the order of 50 to 100 MW, estimated from its published water use.
Fulfillment center (sorting). 75 jobs per acre is fifteen times the plain warehouse directly below it, and zoning treats the two as the same use. This single row is the strongest argument on the whole page for caring which tenant arrives, not just which use is permitted.
Home Values
What the studies found, by distance from the fence
After noise, the question asked most often in Lavon is what any of this would do to the value of a house. It is a fair question and it has a less satisfying answer than either side would like, because the honest finding of thirty years of research is that distance matters more than the use does. Nearly every effect anyone has measured, good or bad, is large at the fence and gone within a quarter to half a mile.
So rather than give each use one number, this section lays the evidence out along a ruler. Where a study exists, it is drawn as a band with what it found. Where nobody has looked, the gap is drawn as a gap.
What the Studies Found, by Distance from the Fence
Slide the house to any distance and read what the research says there. Each colored band is a study; a gap is a place nobody has measured. Tap a band for the study behind it.
Uses That Lowered Nearby Home Prices
Industrial neighbors. The discount is real but local: large inside a few hundred feet, gone by about a half mile.
Uses That Raised Nearby Home Prices
Shops, parks, hospitals and offices. The uses people ask for instead are the ones the evidence favors, though the park and retail premiums fade fast with distance.
The One Use Nobody Has Measured at Close Range
The only evidence on data centers is at ZIP-code scale, where it finds no effect. No study has looked at a ring this close to one.
Finished homes within each distance of the tract boundary, 2026 roll; another 92 are under construction within half a mile. The Community ISD campus (Dodson Elementary, Community Trails Middle) begins 865 ft away.
Hover or tap any band to see the study behind it.
Flags above the axis mark distances written into rules. Lavon: the ordinance's building setback for a data center, 100 ft. Mesquite: equipment setback from homes, 500 ft. Montour County, PA: setback from homes, schools and churches, 1,000 ft.
Fiscal Impact
Tax base, revenue sharing, and what the City keeps
One fact from the tax roll reframes this argument. Lavon contains 43 commercial properties totaling 55.7 acres, and two industrial properties totaling one acre. That is the whole non-residential base of the city. At 79.3 acres, this one property is larger than every commercial property in Lavon put together.
So Why Not Just Put Shops There?
Where these numbers come from
The demand figure uses the US average of 24.5 square feet of retail per person, which is already the most over- retailed rate in the world. The built figure is the city's 2026 certified tax roll. Lavon already has roughly twice as much commercial land as its population supports, before anyone builds anything on these 79 acres.
What the Land Pays Right Now
When people say a project would be good for Lavon's tax base, roughly 23 cents of each dollar reaches the City. About 65 cents goes to Community ISD, which makes the school board a room worth being in, and it is not where this argument has been happening.
What Each Use Would Actually Pay
Where these numbers come from
How this was measured. Taxable value per acre is the median for campus-scale properties of 10 acres or more, read off real Collin County appraisal records for 2026, and covers buildings and land only. The rate is the combined 2025 adopted rate for the City of Lavon, Community ISD, Collin County and Collin College: $1.858263 per $100. A public park and a non-profit hospital are not shown because both are exempt: they would pay exactly nothing, permanently. Some permitted uses are missing because they never occupy this much land: no hotel or metal fabrication shop in Collin County sits on even 10 acres, let alone 79.
An independent cross-check on the data center figure, by a different method. Summing every parcel in Collin County coded as a data center gives 24 properties across 431 acres at $4.59 million of taxable value per acre, buildings and land only. On 79.312 acres that is about $364 million -- inside the range shown here and toward its lower end, which is where it should sit, because it excludes the equipment.
Data center. the only bar that is a range, and it covers only operating, fully populated data centers. The low end is the CoreWeave site in Plano, buildings and equipment on 23.8 acres, scaled to 79. The high end is Lancium Buildings 1 and 2 in Abilene, fully populated on 95 acres. Equipment is 82 percent of that campus's value and land is 0.04 percent, so what the building holds decides this, not how big the lot is. Google's Midlothian campus would scale lower, about $5 million a year, only because most of its 375 acres is open land.
As it sits today. the land is appraised as cropland. Market value $1,983,100, taxable value $14,120, total tax $262 a year of which the City of Lavon receives $59.30. Every other bar on this chart is being measured against fifty-nine dollars.
This is the chart most worth sitting with, and the one most often challenged, so it is worth being precise about what the range is. A data center is the only bar that is a range at all, and it covers operating, fully populated data centers only: every point inside it is a real building, full of equipment, on a real county appraisal roll today. The low end is the denser of the two Plano sites; the top is the fully built-out pair of buildings in Abilene. The spread between them is how much computing equipment sits inside, which is the one thing a site plan cannot tell you in advance.
Where these numbers come from
Read off county appraisal records. Texas taxes business personal property, so the servers and electrical plant are assessed and billed like the building is -- which is not true in most states, and is why this matters here. Meta's Temple equipment had not been valued when this was written; its buildings jumped from $1.8 million to $457 million in a single year as construction completed. The Abilene campus is the extreme: equipment is 82 percent of its value and the land under it is 0.04 percent.
A caution about comparing these. What counts as 'taxable' depends on which taxing unit is asking. School districts in Texas cannot grant abatements, so the Midlothian figures here are full unabated value, while the city abates 85 percent of the buildings and 100 percent of the equipment. The same property is worth very different amounts to different governments.
A Fifty-year Commitment Almost Nobody Is Discussing
Where these numbers come from
Property tax: the City collects 42 cents per $100 of value, but 45 percent of the increment inside the Elevon reinvestment zone is committed to a developer reimbursement fund until January 31, 2072, debt service included, and of the remainder about 62 cents on the dollar is the operating rate. So roughly 34 cents of each gross city tax dollar from this land reaches the general fund. The data center bar covers operating, fully populated campuses only, as in the chart above.
Sales tax: Lavon's local 2 percent splits as 1 percent general fund, 0.5 percent streets and 0.5 percent economic development corporation; only the general-fund share is shown. Retail and restaurants are the only uses that generate a recurring stream, and the bar is a ceiling: it assumes the whole site is shops Lavon's population cannot support. The bracket marks a realistic mixed build, net of a Walmart-style rebate. A data center certified under the standard exemption still pays local tax on its equipment and its power bill; one certified as a large project, which a hyperscale build on 79 acres almost certainly would be, pays no local sales tax at all for 20 years. Warehouses and offices produce essentially none. One-time construction and fit-out use tax is excluded for every use.
Sales Tax, in Plain Words
When you buy something in Lavon you pay 8.25 cents of tax on the dollar. The State of Texas takes 6.25 of those cents. The other two stay in town: one cent to the City's general fund, half a cent to street repair, and half a cent to the economic development corporation.
A store sells things across a counter every day, so it produces that penny every year. A data center, a warehouse or an office building sells nothing across a counter. The only sales tax it creates is on the things it buys: the building materials, the racks, the servers. That is mostly a one-time event when the place is built, and most of it is collected wherever the supplier is, not in Lavon.
So the chart above is simple to read. Shops and restaurants are the only bar with a yearly sales-tax stream, and even that bar is a ceiling: it imagines the whole site as stores, which Lavon's population cannot support. A realistic mix, after a rebate like the one the City just gave Walmart, is about a million dollars a year. Everything else on the list brings the City little or nothing in sales tax year to year.
The Data Center Sales Tax Break, in Plain Words
One More Thing on the Ballot This November
What Other Places Did
Outcomes, agreements, and rules that already exist
What Happened to the Tax Roll
Where these numbers come from
Midlothian is a city of about 44,000. Google employs roughly 100 people there. The steel mill and the Target distribution center employ about 1,250 each. The city grants Google an 85 percent abatement on real property and 100 percent on equipment.
Where these numbers come from
The buildings are largely tax exempt; the power running through them is not. But the same city abated $22.5 million in property taxes in one year, and the school district abated about $8,576 per student while enrollment stayed flat.
The Agreement Worth Reading Twice
| What Lancaster got | How it is secured |
|---|---|
| $20 million in community funds | A bank letter of credit posted up front. Miss a payment and the city draws on it. |
| A noise limit set by the site's own measured quiet | Pre-construction readings at neighbors' property lines become the ceiling. |
| 20,000 gallon-a-day water cap | Written in as a hard number. |
| Emergency response costs above $25,000 | Reimbursed to the city within 30 days. |
| Obligations that survive a sale | They run with the land. A new owner inherits all of it. |
| A real remedy | After a cure period, the consequence is shutting the building down. |
And the detail that makes the rest land: the city states plainly that the developer is not receiving any tax breaks. Twenty million dollars in, zero abatement out.
Rules Other Places Wrote Down
The Mistakes That Keep Repeating
| The mistake | What it looks like afterward |
|---|---|
| Zoning it by right, keeping no discretionary hook | The city has nothing left to trade when an applicant shows up. |
| Granting an abatement with no jobs clawback | Texas law makes that optional. If you do not write it in, it does not exist. |
| Believing the headline jobs number | Midlothian's is 100. El Paso's agreement promises 50 for $800 million. |
| Writing a noise rule with no number in it | Unenforceable in practice; courts have struck down vaguer versions. |
| Adopting a moratorium without solid legal footing | Hill County, Texas rescinded one after being sued for over $100 million. |
| Spending construction-phase revenue as if it recurs | Abilene explicitly did not, and said so in its budget. |
What the City Can Do
And what is decided somewhere else
This is the part that matters most, because it is the only part anybody can act on. It is also where the author is least qualified, so it is written as questions with the law attached rather than as answers. None of this is legal advice.
Who Decides What
Nearly every worry raised about this site is decided by one of three bodies, and only one of them answers to Lavon voters.
The City of Lavon
Council and staff
- Noise limits, if it adopts any
- Outdoor lighting, with one extra step
- Screening walls, buffers, landscaping
- Setbacks, height, lot coverage
- Site plan and plat review
- Construction hours
- Roads, traffic studies, fire access
- Stormwater and drainage
- Local tax abatement, if asked
The Water Providers
NTMWD and Bear Creek SUD
- Whether there is water to sell
- How much can be used
- Sewer capacity and limits
- How strong the wastewater may be
- What a service contract costs
The State of Texas
Grid operator, TCEQ, legislature
- Whether the grid can serve it
- Who pays for new power lines
- Air permits for generators
- How often generators may run
- Discharge permits
- The state sales tax break
- School tax limitation programs
This is the honest shape of the problem. The city's column is real and it is not nothing, but electricity, air permits and the state tax break are decided entirely somewhere else, by people who do not answer to Lavon voters.
The Moratorium
Incentives, and What the Policy Actually Says
Recommendations
Who should do what, and the questions worth asking
Almost every recommendation here belongs to somebody specific, and sorting them that way makes it obvious which ones are currently nobody's job. None of this requires anyone to agree about whether a data center would be good or bad.
Residents and Neighbors
Including the part that is easy to skip
- Show up before there is an application, not after. Every protection in this report is easier to get now. Once something is filed, parts of the rulebook freeze.
- Ask for a number, not a promise. A decibel limit written into the ordinance outlives a change of council and a change of owner. An assurance given at a meeting does not.
- Be decent to one another. The people on the other side of this are neighbors you will still have when it is settled, and most of them want the same things you do. Nothing in this report justifies treating anyone badly, and a town that argues well gets listened to a great deal more than one that does not.
- Say so if you support something. Opposition organizes by default; support usually stays home. A council can only weigh what turns up in front of it.
- Check these numbers rather than repeating them. Every figure here carries a source for exactly that reason. If one is wrong, that is worth knowing before it is quoted at a hearing.
- Remember the school board is a separate room. Community ISD collects roughly 65 cents of every property tax dollar in Lavon, and almost none of this conversation has happened there.
City Officials
Mostly a matter of writing things down while the room is empty
- Adopt a noise limit with an actual number in it, measured at the receiving property line and tied to existing background quiet, with separate low-frequency caps. Mesquite's text exists.
- Require closed-loop cooling by ordinance, as Mesquite did, rather than negotiating it later with one applicant.
- Pass a Dark Sky intent resolution. It unlocks lighting authority the City does not currently have, and it costs nothing.
- Fix the abatement policy now. No percentage cap, no jobs requirement and a recapture clause that only bites on unpaid taxes is a weak starting hand. Write the jobs clawback in; Texas law leaves it optional, and cities that skip it cannot recover.
- Get the nine-year freeze answer in writing. The City has said the Business Park nine-year period began in October 2022, pertains to Parcel 9, and that relevant code changes were approved. Putting that in a written opinion settles what a new citywide noise or lighting rule would reach, and covers Parcel 8 under Section 1.3.53 at the same time.
- Tell residents which approvals would still be discretionary. That list is the whole negotiating position, and at the moment only the City can see it.
- Say what the moratorium is for. A pause that expires without a noise limit, a cooling requirement or a lighting standard to show for it has bought nothing.
- Publish the tax abatement guidelines on the city website. State law requires the current version to be posted. Today they exist only inside old agenda packets.
- Post minutes promptly, and keep stating plainly what has and has not been filed. The June 2026 statement did that well, and it defused far more than it cost.
The Landowner and Any Developer
If and when one appears
- State the megawatts and the cooling design in writing, as a condition rather than an assurance. Those two answers settle most of the water argument by themselves.
- Commit to Tier 4 Final generators. Federal law requires only Tier 2 for standby engines of this size. The difference is roughly 85 percent of the particulates and 90 percent of the nitrogen oxides, and it is entirely voluntary.
- Accept a night-time noise limit referenced to measured background, with separate low-frequency caps at 16, 31.5 and 63 hertz. Mesquite has already written the language.
- Bind the installed equipment, not the design-basis equipment. Late substitutions made for supply reasons have introduced audible tones that the specified unit did not have.
- Publish the acoustic study in full, including whether a larger fleet of individually quieter fans raises the total. Nobody has published an answer to that, so it has to be asked.
- Say what happens to the building when the equipment inside it is obsolete. This is the question with the least good answer anywhere in the industry.
- Meet the neighbors before the application, not at the hearing. Ten of them share your property line. Twenty-five notices went out in 2024 and none came back. That was a missed opportunity on both sides.
Questions Worth Putting on the Record
These are the questions I would ask, and they are written so that the answers can be checked afterwards rather than simply believed at the time.
- Can a new citywide noise or lighting rule reach these parcels before the nine-year Business Park freeze runs out in about October 2031? The City has said relevant code changes were approved. The useful version of this question asks for that in writing, and asks the same of Parcel 8 under Section 1.3.53.
- Has anything been filed for this land, and when?
- What would it take for Lavon to have an actual decibel limit, and what would enforcing one cost in equipment and staff time?
- What did the City ask for, and get, in December 2024 when this zoning was approved?
- If a buyer appears, what approvals would they still need from the Council?
- How many permanent jobs, and how many of those are the operator's own employees rather than contractors?
- How many backup generators, and how many hours a year will they run for testing?
- Which sales-tax exemption tier would the project certify under, and does the City see any of its two percent?
- How does a resident who supports a project make that known?
A Closing Note
This began as an attempt to answer one question: what is actually allowed on that land? I still do not know whether a data center will be built there. Nobody does, including the City, which has not received an application for one.
What I am fairly confident of is this. The traffic worry is misplaced. The jobs promise is smaller than it sounds. The water question depends entirely on one design choice that somebody should get in writing. The electricity question is real and is mostly decided in Austin, not here. And the most useful thing this town could do, regardless of whatever gets built on those 79 acres, is adopt a noise limit with an actual number in it.
If you think I got something wrong, I would genuinely like to know. Every number in here has a source, which means every number in here can be checked.
What You Said You Would Want Built There
Voting closed at midnight on August 28. 22 votes were counted. The question was: If something is going to be built on the 79 acres, which of these would you choose?
| A park, school or other civic use | 8 | 36% | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A data center | 5 | 23% | |
| A hospital or medical campus | 4 | 18% | |
| Shops and restaurants | 3 | 14% | |
| A warehouse or distribution center | 1 | 5% | |
| Offices | 1 | 5% | |
| Light manufacturing or a machine shop | 0 | 0% |
Where the Numbers Came From
Every figure traces to one of these. Nothing here asks you to take my word for it.
- 1City of Lavon, Ordinance No. 2024-12-01, Elevon Planned Development, Land Use Parcel 8-9 Amendment, adopted December 3, 2024.https://lavontx.gov
- 2City of Lavon, City Council agenda packet, August 6, 2026 (data center moratorium item and staff memo).https://lavontx.gov/wp-content/uploads/Public-Documents/City%20Council%20Agendas/2026-08-06-Agenda-CC-Meeting-Packet.pdf
- 3City of Lavon, City Council agenda packet, August 18, 2026 (minutes of the August 6 meeting; FY2026-27 budget and tax rate).https://lavontx.gov/wp-content/uploads/Public-Documents/City%20Council%20Agendas/2026-08-18-Agenda-CC-Meeting-Packet.pdf
- 4City of Lavon, Notice About 2026 Tax Rates.https://lavontx.gov/wp-content/uploads/Public-Documents/Public%20Notices/HomePage/Notice%20of%202026%20Tax%20Rates.pdf
- 5Texas Local Government Code, Chapter 212, Subchapter E (moratorium on property development).https://texas.public.law/statutes/tex._local_gov't_code_title_7_subtitle_a_chapter_212
- 6Public Utility Commission of Texas, Staff Draft Evaluation of Transmission Cost Recovery, Project No. 58484, March 16, 2026.https://interchange.puc.texas.gov/Documents/58484_77_1603622.PDF
- 7Institute of Transportation Engineers, Trip Generation Manual (11th ed.) rates, as reproduced in PennDOT's warehouse trip generation memorandum, June 2024.https://www.pa.gov/content/dam/copapwp-pagov/en/penndot/documents/programs-and-doing-business/permits/highwayoccupancypermits/2024-06_warehouse_trip_generation_memo.pdf
- 8California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement, September 2013 (heavy truck to automobile noise equivalence).https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/environmental-analysis/documents/env/tens-sep2013-a11y.pdf
- 9Pavement Interactive, Equivalent Single Axle Load (the fourth power law).https://pavementinteractive.org/reference-desk/design/design-parameters/equivalent-single-axle-load/
- 10Federal Highway Administration, Highway Cost Allocation Study, addendum.https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/hcas/addendum.cfm
- 11Meta, “Hello, Temple!” data center announcement.https://datacenters.atmeta.com/2022/03/hello-temple/
- 12World Resources Institute, US data center growth impacts.https://www.wri.org/insights/us-data-center-growth-impacts
- 13Good Jobs First / Business Insider analysis of more than 1,200 US data centers.https://goodjobsfirst.org/big-tech-promised-jobs-cities-gave-millions-where-are-the-workers/
- 14US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2025, Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington; and Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Collin County.https://www.bls.gov/oes/
- 15US Energy Information Administration, Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 2018, Table C22 (electricity intensity by building type).https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/ce/xls/c22.xlsx
- 16Google 2024 Environmental Report, per-site water withdrawal, discharge and consumption for 2023.https://www.gstatic.com/gumdrop/sustainability/google-2024-environmental-report.pdf
- 17Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report.https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf
- 18US Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Laundries Technical Development Document, EPA-821-R-00-006.https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-11/documents/industrial_laundries_tdd_2000.pdf
- 19Collin Central Appraisal District, 2026 Certified Totals, City of Lavon, certified July 21, 2026.https://collincad.org/wp-content/uploads/2026CertifiedTotals.pdf
- 20Collin Central Appraisal District, 2026 Top Taxpayers Report.https://collincad.org/wp-content/uploads/2026TopTaxpayersReport.pdf
- 21Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, 2025 total tax rates and levies file (City of Lavon, Community ISD, Collin County, Collin College).https://comptroller.texas.gov/taxes/property-tax/rates/index.php
- 22Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Tax Exemptions and Tax Incidence, January 2025, Table 2.https://comptroller.texas.gov/transparency/reports/tax-exemptions-and-incidence/2025/96-463.pdf
- 23Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, data center sales tax exemption guidance.https://comptroller.texas.gov/taxes/data-centers/index.php
- 24Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Jobs, Energy, Technology and Innovation Act (JETI) program.https://comptroller.texas.gov/economy/development/prop-tax/jeti/
- 25Loudoun County, Virginia, data center tax revenue frequently asked questions, and county budget documents.https://www.loudoun.gov/FAQ.aspx?QID=1790
- 26Institute of Transportation Engineers, Trip Generation Manual (11th ed.) rates for retail and restaurant uses, as adopted by Palm Beach County and the City of Portland.https://discover.pbcgov.org/engineering/traffic/PDF/Traffic%20Documents/Trip_Generation_Rates.pdf
- 27International Council of Shopping Centers, US Shopping-Center Classification and Typical Characteristics.https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/US-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf
- 28City of Lavon 2022 Parks, Recreation and Open Space Master Plan.https://lavontx.gov/wp-content/uploads/Public-Documents/Codes%20and%20Ordinances/2022-03-10-Adopted-Lavon-PRMP-v2.pdf
- 29City of San Angelo, Texas, Section 430, Data Center land use regulations (principal versus accessory use; 55 dBA property line limit).https://sanangelo.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2255/Data-Center-Sec-430---Land-Use-Regulations-5-20-26-PDF?bidId=
- 30City of Lavon, public statement on data center development, June 25, 2026.https://lavontx.gov/wp-content/uploads/Public-Documents/Public%20Notices/Data-Center-Statement-06-25-2026.pdf
- 31North Texas Municipal Water District, Long-Range Water Supply Plan, December 13, 2024.https://www.ntmwd.com/
- 32City of Lavon, Ordinance creating Reinvestment Zone Number Two (the Elevon TIRZ), October 7, 2021, and TIRZ No. 2 Final Project and Finance Plan.https://lavontx.gov/wp-content/uploads/Public-Documents/Codes%20and%20Ordinances/2021-10-07-ORD--Creation-of-Reinvestment-Zone-No--Two-Elevon-TIRZ.pdf
- 33City of Lavon, Overview Map: Lavon TIRZ No. 2.https://lavontx.gov/wp-content/uploads/Public-Documents/Codes%20and%20Ordinances/2022-01-01-ORD--TIRZ-No--2-Final-Project-and-Finance-Plan.pdf
- 34City of Midlothian, Texas, FY2025-2026 Adopted Budget (principal taxpayers, abatement terms) and FY2023-24 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (principal employers).https://www.midlothian.tx.us/DocumentCenter/View/19440
- 35City of Abilene, Texas, FY2026-2027 Proposed Operating Budget and Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the year ended September 30, 2025.https://www.abilenetx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/42099/2026-2027-Proposed-Operating-Budget-Updated-8172026-PDF
- 36City of Prineville, Oregon, Annual Comprehensive Financial Report FY2025, and Ordinance No. 1268 (electric franchise fee).https://www.cityofprineville.com/DocumentCenter/View/8881
- 37Good Jobs First, The Cost of Tax Breaks on Oregon's Public Schools, July 2025.https://goodjobsfirst.org/the-cost-of-tax-breaks-on-oregons-public-schools/
- 38City of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Community Benefits Agreement with Chirisa Technology Parks, approved November 2025.https://www.cityoflancasterpa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Lancaster-CBA-Draft.pdf
- 39City of El Paso and Wurldwide LLC, executed Chapter 312 tax abatement agreement, December 5, 2023.https://elpasotexas.legistar1.com/elpasotexas/attachments/ed1b93ae-b0ab-4c20-a71b-5e8048253f33.pdf
- 40Texas Tax Code 312.205 (mandatory recapture for failure to make improvements; optional recapture for failure to create jobs).https://texas.public.law/statutes/tex._tax_code_section_312.205
- 41Montour County, Pennsylvania, Data Center Ordinance 1-2026 as amended by Ordinance 2-2026.https://www.montourcounty.gov/getmedia/9b87d1e4-6f88-48d4-b4dd-df00b7c940e7/Ordinance-Proposed-Changes-4-28-2026.pdf
- 42PA Environment Digest, Montour County data center ordinance and proposed developer amendments, May 1, 2026.https://paenvironmentdaily.blogspot.com/2026/05/montour-county-what-ai-data-center.html
- 43City of Mesquite, Texas, Zoning Text Amendment No. 2026-01, adopted July 20, 2026 (data center standards).https://legistar1.granicus.com/Mesquite/attachments/174210b5-4ad8-430c-aea2-5cb97b50103b.pdf
- 44City of El Paso, Data Center Policy Framework, adopted by resolution July 20, 2026 (policy recommendations, not codified zoning).https://elpasotexas.legistar1.com/elpasotexas/attachments/3f8cc334-9b33-450d-8047-d5e7b0141b47.pdf
- 45Realtor.com analysis of home values in 43 matched ZIP codes with and without nearby data centers.https://www.realtor.com/research/
- 46Texas A&M Forest Service, FireConnect department registry, Lavon Fire Department (ID 1905), verified June 20, 2025.https://fireconnect.tfs.tamu.edu/FireDepartments/1905
- 47City of Lavon Code of Ordinances, Chapter 6, Article 6.02, Fire Department.https://ecode360.com/40105040
- 48City of Lavon, FY2026-27 Proposed Budget.https://lavontx.gov/wp-content/uploads/Public-Documents/City%20of%20Lavon%20Budget/FY27%20Budget%20-%20Proposed%2020260717.pdf
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- 53Texas Water Development Board, manufacturing water use survey, 2019 (named Collin County facilities).https://www.twdb.texas.gov/waterplanning/data/projections/2027/doc/SupportingData_MFG_Jan2022.xlsx
- 54Texas ET Network reference evapotranspiration (Wylie and Princeton stations) with Texas A&M AgriLife turf coefficients, E-530.https://texaset.tamu.edu/
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- 56Business Insider, data center noise complaints in Loudoun County, Virginia, November 2023.https://www.businessinsider.com/data-center-noise-disruptions-loudoun-county-virginia-2023-11
- 57Federal Highway Administration, Roadway Construction Noise Model User's Guide, equipment sound levels at 50 feet.https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/construction_noise/rcnm/rcnm.pdf
- 5829 CFR 1926.601(b)(4)(i), reverse signal alarm audible above surrounding noise.https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.601
- 59Atlanta Regional Commission, 24-hour classified traffic counts at operating e-commerce distribution facilities, 2024.https://cdn.atlantaregional.org/wp-content/uploads/traffic-count-summary-appendix-b1.pdf
- 60US Environmental Protection Agency Green Book, ozone nonattainment areas (Dallas-Fort Worth, including Collin County).https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/jnc.html
- 61USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, TR-55, Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds, Table 2-2a (impervious cover by land use).https://www.hydrocad.net/pdf/TR-55%20Manual.pdf
- 62City of Lavon Home Rule Charter, adopted at an election held November 8, 2022.https://ecode360.com/42124164
- 63Texas Municipal League, Types of Texas Cities.https://www.tml.org/258/City-Types
- 64Texas Local Government Code 245.004 (categories exempt from vested rights).https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/local-government-code/loc-gov-t-sect-245-004/
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- 66City of Lavon Code of Ordinances, Article 8.03, Noise.https://ecode360.com/40105478
- 67Texas Penal Code 42.01 (disorderly conduct; 85 decibel presumption).https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/penal-code/penal-sect-42-01/
- 68City of Plano, Texas, Chapter 14 Article V, Noise, ordinance passed June 12, 2023.https://plano.novusagenda.com/Agendapublic/AttachmentViewer.ashx?AttachmentID=17758&ItemID=8404
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- 70MultiState, The Local Fight Over Data Centers: A Texas Case Study, August 19, 2026.https://www.multistate.us/insider/2026/8/19/the-local-fight-over-data-centers-a-texas-case-study
- 71Texas Local Government Code 380.001 (economic development programs).https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/local-government-code/loc-gov-t-sect-380-001/
- 72Texas Tax Code 312.002 (tax abatement guidelines and criteria required before any agreement).https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/tax-code/tax-sect-312-002/
- 73City of Lancaster, Texas Chapter 380 economic development agreement with SI DFW02A, LLC, reported to the Texas Comptroller's Local Development Agreement Database.https://comptroller.texas.gov/economy/development/grants/ch380-381/
- 74Texas Tax Code 151.359 (qualifying data centers; subsection (j) keeps local sales and use tax in place) and 151.3595 (qualifying large data center projects).https://texas.public.law/statutes/tex._tax_code_section_151.359
- 75Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, local sales tax rate and allocation history, City of Lavon (local 2 percent: 1 percent general fund, 0.5 percent street maintenance, 0.5 percent Type B economic development corporation).https://comptroller.texas.gov/taxes/sales/city.php
- 76City of Lavon, Chapter 380 economic development agreement with Wal-Mart Real Estate Business Trust, approved July 7, 2026, effective August 10, 2026; Texas Comptroller Local Development Agreement Database entry 0014544 (sales tax reimbursement, $4,500,000).https://comptroller.texas.gov/economy/development/search-tools/ch380-381/economic-development-agreements-details.php?agreement=0014544
- 77Realtor.com Economic Research, Hale and Morgenstern, data centers and home values in 43 matched ZIP codes, August 11, 2026.https://www.realtor.com/research/august-2026-data-centers
- 78George Mason University Center for Regional Analysis, Waters and Clower, Data Centers and 2023 Home Sales in Northern Virginia, August 2025.https://cra.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/NoVa_DataCenters.pdf
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- 83Li and Saphores, Assessing Impacts of Freeway Truck Traffic on Residential Property Values: Southern California Case Study, Transportation Research Record 2288, 2012.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2288-06
- 84Rivas, Patil, Hristidis, Barr and Srinivasan, The Impact of Colleges and Hospitals to Local Real Estate Markets, Journal of Big Data 6, 2019.https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40537-019-0174-7
- 85Peng and Chiang, The Non-linearity of Hospitals' Proximity on Property Prices: Experiences from Taipei, Journal of Property Research 32(4), 2015.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09599916.2015.1089923
- 86Pope and Pope, When Walmart Comes to Town: Always Low Housing Prices? Always? Journal of Urban Economics 87, 2015 (NBER working paper 18111).https://www.nber.org/papers/w18111
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- 90Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Tax Increment Financing registry and annual reports (522 active zones, pulled August 21, 2026); City of Lavon Reinvestment Zone No. 2 amended project and financing plan, December 2, 2025.https://comptroller.texas.gov/economy/local/ch311/
- 91Collin CAD parcels 2719973 (City of Garland, Wylie Switch, 138 kV) and 2856664/2856665 (Farmers Electric Cooperative, Lavon Substation); PUCT Docket 59080 (Garland Power and Light transmission cost of service); GP&L and Peregrine Energy interconnection filing for the Mallard battery project at Wylie Switch.https://www.collincad.org/
- 92Collin County GIS, appraisal district parcel layer (boundary-to-boundary distances from CCAD parcel 2543097 to neighboring parcels, measured August 21, 2026 in Texas State Plane North Central, feet).https://maps.collincountytx.gov/server/rest/services/InteractiveMap/Appraisal_District/MapServer
- 93Publisher's affidavit and published legal notice, City of Lavon Notice of Public Hearing on a Temporary Moratorium, The Wylie News (C&S Media), published August 13, 2026; sworn by Chad Engbrock, publisher. Provided by the City of Lavon.https://lavonbanana.com/79-acres/moratorium-notice-2026-08-13.pdf